The VGS has proven validity and reliability in population studies as well as Adolescents and clinic gamblers.citation needed The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria presented as a checklist is an alternative to SOGS, it focuses on the psychological motivations underpinning problem gambling and was developed by the American Psychiatric Association. Life History Theory further explains why some individuals are more vulnerable to problem gambling, proposing that those with a « fast » strategy (marked by impulsiveness and short-term planning) may be especially drawn to high-risk, high-reward scenarios. Researchers suggest that unpredictability itself motivates animals (including humans) to persevere in reward-seeking despite repeated failures, which can foster persistent gambling behaviour.
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